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| c. 230,000 years ago |
| | | Humans evolve who can be classified as Homo sapiens - among them Neanderthal Man | |
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| c. 150,000 years ago |
| | | A possible second migration from Africa begins, involving at some time the ancestors of modern man, Homo sapiens sapiens | |
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| c. 130,000 years ago |
| | | Neanderthal man is by now well established in Europe and Asia, probably having evolved after his ancestors left Africa | |
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| c. 120,000 to 35,000 years ago |
| | | The Middle Palaeolithic era covers the period when Neanderthals and modern humans coexist in Europe and Asia | |
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| c. 90,000 years ago |
| | | Fossilized bones found in the caves of Skhul and Qafzeh, in modern Israel, are of anatomically modern humans | |
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| 77,000 years ago |
| | | In the Blombos cave in South Africa stones are engraved with patterns of lines, either decorative or practical (as a form of tally) | |
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| c. 60,000 years ago |
| | | The first human inhabitants of Australia make the crossing from southeast Asia | |
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| c. 50,000 to 30,000 years ago |
| | | Neanderthals decline in numbers, first in Asia and then in Europe | |
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| c. 45,000 years ago |
| | | Neanderthals carve a flute from the leg bone of a young bear, in the region that is now Slovenia | |
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| c. 35,000 years ago |
| | | Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers use mammoth tusks and bones to support hide-covered tents at Dolni Vestonice (in the Czech Republic) | |
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